Amid Other Concerns, Don’t Worry About Inflation

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) last month rose more than 5% over a year earlier, way above a rate that is consistent with price stability. At the same time, the federal-funds rate is at 2%, so the real interest rate on federal funds — the interest rate adjusted for inflation — has turned very negative.

Will this low real interest rate lead to inflation spiraling out of control? Shouldn’t the Fed react more to the currently high inflation numbers by tightening policy, a view often advocated on this page, or at least not further lower the fed-funds rate if the economy looks like it might go into a tailspin? The answer is no.

While headline CPI inflation over the past year was above 5%, core CPI inflation was around 2.5% (about the same as the 2.4% average since 1994, see top chart above). With the sharp decline in oil prices from over $140 per barrel to below $100 now, and the decline in other commodity prices, headline inflation should fairly quickly move back towards core inflation.

If the monetary authorities react to headline inflation numbers, they run the risk of making serious policy mistakes. We have seen that headline inflation has risen well above its underlying trend as the price of energy has risen. But with energy prices having fallen, it will soon fall back to or below its underlying trend. A tightening of monetary policy in reaction to the rise in headline inflation would lead to a decline in employment and inflation. Because of the long lags between monetary policy actions and changes in economic activity, that decline would occur sometime down the road, when inflation would more likely be at or below its underlying trend.

Columbia professor Frederic Mishkin in today’s WSJ

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